Apparatus combining once-writeable and rewriteable information storage to support data processing

ABSTRACT

An information storage arrangement that combines rewriteable storage with one-time programmable (OTP) storage is managed in a manner that makes judicious use of the OTP storage. It is therefore possible to exploit the economic advantage associated with OTP storage, while also avoiding storage capacity losses that would otherwise be associated with OTP storage.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to data processing and, moreparticularly, to information storage in data processing systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Data processing systems are ubiquitous in modern society. Informationstorage is of course a critical feature in a data processing system.Factors such as the capacity, cost, and physical size of the informationstorage facilities of a data processing system impose limitations on itsfunctional capabilities. Considerations such as these are especiallycritical in the case of data processing systems that are implemented inmobile devices. Some well-known examples of the myriad of mobile devicesthat utilize data processing systems include cellular telephones,digital cameras, and other mobile personal computing devices, such as,for example, personal digital assistants, palm pilots, audio players,video players, and game playing devices.

It is desirable in view of the foregoing to provide for improvements indata processing systems with respect to limiting factors such as thosementioned above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a data processing system accordingto exemplary embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary operations that can be performed toimplement an information archive operation according to exemplaryembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary operations that can be performed toimplement a conditional write operation according to exemplaryembodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a data processing system accordingto exemplary embodiments of the invention. The data processing system ofFIG. 1 includes a host 10 with a data processor 11 provided therein. Thehost 10 is accessible to a user via a user interface shown generally at15. The host 10 is connected to a memory controller 12. The memorycontroller 12 is also connected to an information storage arrangement 16that includes a rewriteable (RW) information storage apparatus 13 and aone-time programmable (OTP) information storage apparatus 14.Information used by the host 10 (e.g., by the data processor 11) iswritten to and read from the information storage arrangement by thememory controller 12. In some embodiments, the RW information storageapparatus 13 and the OTP information storage apparatus 14 providenon-volatile information storage. The RW information storage apparatus13 includes memory elements that can be written to as often as desired.In some embodiments, the RW information storage apparatus 13 is a flashmemory apparatus. The OTP information storage apparatus 14 is defined bymemory elements that can be written to only once.

In some embodiments, the memory controller 12 and the informationstorage arrangement 16 are provided together as a unit that isconfigured for removable connection to the host apparatus 10. In someembodiments, the removably connectable unit is a “memory stick”. In someembodiments, the removably connectable unit is a printed circuit card.In some embodiments, the memory controller 12 and the informationstorage arrangement 16 are provided on a printed circuit card togetherwith at least the data processor 11. In various embodiments, the dataprocessing system of FIG. 1 is provided in mobile devices such as theexamples given above.

According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the memorycontroller 12 manages the information storage arrangement 16 in a mannerthat makes judicious use of the OTP information storage apparatus 14.The OTP storage at 14 has a lower financial cost than the RW storage at13, but the OTP storage loses available capacity whenever informationalready stored therein must be modified. This is because the OTP storagecapacity occupied by the already-stored information cannot be re-used tostore the modified information (or any other information). The judicioususe of OTP storage makes it possible to exploit the economic advantageassociated with OTP storage, while also avoiding storage capacity lossesthat would otherwise be associated with OTP storage.

In some embodiments, if the amount of available storage capacity in theRW information storage apparatus 13 reaches a predetermined lower limitthreshold, then the controller 12 performs an information archiveoperation to increase the available storage capacity in the RWinformation storage apparatus 13. In this information archive operation,the controller 12 retrieves information that is currently stored in theRW information storage apparatus 13, and writes the retrievedinformation to the OTP information storage apparatus 14, therebyincreasing the available storage capacity in the RW information storageapparatus 13. In some embodiments, the controller 12 selects theinformation that is archived from the RW information storage apparatus13 to the OTP information storage apparatus 14 based on a predeterminedselection condition or criterion.

In some embodiments, the controller 12 implements a conditional OTPwrite operation with respect to information that the controller 12receives from the host 10 for storage. According to this conditional OTPwrite operation, if the received information satisfies a predeterminedcondition or criterion, then the controller 12 writes that informationto the OTP information storage apparatus 14. On the other hand, if thereceived information does not satisfy the condition, then the controller12 writes the information to the RW information storage apparatus 13.

Considering the aforementioned information archive operation in moredetail, the controller 12 can use conventional techniques to monitor theavailable storage capacity in the RW information storage apparatus 13.As indicated above, the controller 12 can, in some embodiments, initiatethe aforementioned information archive operation upon detecting acondition wherein the available storage capacity in the RW informationstorage apparatus 13 is undesirably low (i.e., the RW informationstorage apparatus 13 is considered to be too full). For example, thecontroller 12 can initiate the information archive operation if thecontroller detects that the available storage capacity in the RWinformation storage apparatus 13 has fallen below a lower limitthreshold capacity.

As mentioned above, in the information archive operation, the controller12 retrieves from the RW information storage apparatus 13 informationwhich is already stored in the RW information storage apparatus 13, andwhich satisfies a selection condition. The controller 12 writes theretrieved information to the OTP information storage apparatus 14,thereby making available the space that the archived informationpreviously occupied in the RW information storage apparatus 13.According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the selectioncondition used in the information archive operation is designed toselect information that can be characterized as relatively unlikely tobe changed (or deleted).

In some embodiments, information in the RW information storage apparatus13 is selected for archiving based on the access history of theinformation. Such access history is available according to conventionaldata processing and memory controller operations. Some embodiments usewrite access history. Some embodiments use read access history. Variousembodiments use various combinations of write access history and readaccess history. Some embodiments select the least frequently accessedinformation for archiving. Some embodiments select the least recentlyaccessed information for archiving.

Various embodiments select information for archiving based on variouscombinations of the aforementioned most-frequently-accessed criterionand the aforementioned least-recently-accessed criterion. As an example,first information, having an associated first access frequency that ishigher than a second access frequency associated with secondinformation, might nevertheless be selected for archiving instead of thesecond information if, for example, the most recent access of the secondinformation occurred more recently than the most recent access of thefirst information.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary operations associated with execution of theaforementioned information archive operation according to exemplaryembodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the memory controller12 of FIG. 1 is capable of performing the operations shown in FIG. 2. Asshown in the example of FIG. 2, when information is presented forstorage, that information is stored in RW storage at 21. It is thendetermined at 22 whether or not the RW storage is considered to be toofull, using, for example, a predetermined threshold as described above.If RW storage is too full at 22, then information in RW storage isselected and archived to OTP storage as shown at 23. The information canbe selected for archiving at 23, for example, according to any of theexemplary archive selection criteria described above. The archivingoperation can be repeated at 23 as necessary until it is determined at22 that the RW storage is no longer considered to be too full. Wheneverit is determined that RW is not too full at 22, then operations arecomplete at 24.

Turning now to a more detailed consideration of the aforementionedconditional OTP operation, this operation, as mentioned above, writesreceived information to the OTP information storage apparatus 14(referencing FIG. 1 again), if the received information has acharacteristic that satisfies a predetermined criterion. If the receivedinformation does not have a characteristic that satisfies thepredetermined criterion, then the information will be written to the RWinformation storage apparatus 13. Some examples of characteristics thatcan satisfy the criterion for the conditional OTP write operation aredescribed below.

According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, information thatcan be characterized as relatively unlikely to be changed (or deleted),or not expected to be changed (or deleted), can be stored in the OTPinformation storage apparatus 14, while information that can becharacterized as relatively likely to be changed (or deleted), orexpected to be changed (or deleted), can be stored in the RW informationstorage apparatus 13. For example, information files such as imagefiles, music files and book files can be stored in the OTP informationstorage apparatus 14, while metadata associated with such files (e.g.,file names, MP3 tag information, play lists, bookmarks, addendum, freemedia, short term media and regularly updated media) can be stored inthe RW information storage apparatus 13. The information formatsassociated with conventional data processing techniques enable thecontroller 12 to distinguish between files and their associatedmetadata. As a further example, a game program can be stored in the OTPinformation storage apparatus 14, while game saves associated withexecution of the game program can be stored in the RW informationstorage apparatus 13.

As another example, the logical block address (LBA) that the host 10 hasassigned to the information is a characteristic that can serve as anindicator of where to store the information. If it is expected thatinformation with a relatively high LBA (or an LBA above a certain value)will be changed relatively infrequently (if at all), and thatinformation with a relatively low LBA (or an LBA below a certain value)will be changed relatively frequently, then the former information canbe written to the OTP information storage apparatus 14, and the latterinformation can be written to the RW information storage apparatus 13.For example, in some conventional systems, information that changesfrequently, such as a file allocation table (FAT file), is typicallyassigned to the relatively low LBA area. In that case, the relativelylow LBA of the frequently changed information would trigger storage ofthat information in the RW information storage apparatus 13.

As a further example, a conventional file setting provided by the dataprocessor 11 can be defined as a “read-only” setting to indicate thatthe associated file is to be stored in the OTP information storageapparatus 14.

In various embodiments, the controller 12 utilizes various sets of theabove-described exemplary characteristics to determine whether an OTPwrite operation will be performed. In a given embodiment, if theinformation to be stored has any one of the characteristics within theset of characteristics that is being used in that embodiment, then theinformation is written to the OTP information storage apparatus 14.

In some embodiments, all information received from the data processor 11is stored in the OTP information storage apparatus 14, while memorycontrol structures used internally by the memory controller 12 arestored in the RW information storage apparatus 13.

In some embodiments, the user can direct that certain information is tobe stored in the OTP information storage apparatus 14. For instance, theuser of a digital camera may decide that a particular image is to besaved. This user decision indicates to the controller 12 that the imageis to be stored in the OTP information storage apparatus 14. Images thatthe user does not select for saving can be stored in the RW informationstorage apparatus 13. In some embodiments, the host 10 includes auser-assistance application (e.g., running on the data processor 11)that assists the user in deciding where to store information. Someembodiments facilitate the use of such a user-assistance application byimplementing, within the data processor 11, logical partitioning that isaligned with the physical partitioning defined by the RW informationstorage apparatus 13 and the OTP information storage apparatus 14. Insuch embodiments, the OTP information storage apparatus 14 is managed asa write-once, read-many partition.

It should also be noted with respect to FIG. 1 that, although the RWinformation storage apparatus 13 and the OTP information storageapparatus 14 represent two physical partitions, there is no limit to thenumber of logical partitions that can be used in various embodiments.

In embodiments wherein the information storage arrangement 16 isprovided as a unit for removable connection to the host 10, and whereina user-assistance application is used, the host 10 and the removableunit 16 cooperate (according to any suitable conventional technique) toenable the host 10 to recognize that the removable unit includes boththe RW information storage apparatus 13 and the OTP information storageapparatus 14. This recognition can be used by the host 10 to triggerexecution of the user-assistance application.

FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary operations associated with execution of theaforementioned conditional OTP write operation according to exemplaryembodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the memory controller12 of FIG. 1 is capable of performing the operations shown in FIG. 3.When information is presented for storage, it is determined at 31whether any of that information has associated therewith acharacteristic that makes it suitable for OTP storage, for example, anyof the exemplary characteristics described above. If not, then theinformation is stored in RW storage at 34, after which operations arecomplete at 35. If a characteristic that makes the presented informationsuitable for OTP storage is detected at 31, then the information (e.g.,a music file) is stored in OTP storage at 32. Thereafter, it isdetermined at 33 whether any of the presented information remains to bestored, that is, whether any of the presented information (e.g., a playlist) does not have a characteristic that makes it suitable for OTPstorage. If it is determined at 33 that no information to be storedremains, then operations are complete at 35. If it is determined at 33that information to be stored does remain, then the remaininginformation is stored in RW storage at 34, after which operations arecomplete at 35.

The broken lines in FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate combined use of both theinformation archive operation and the conditional OTP write operationaccording to exemplary embodiments of the invention. In someembodiments, the controller 12 of FIG. 1 is capable of performing thecombined operations illustrated by broken line in FIGS. 2 and 3.Referencing FIG. 3, after any needed OTP write operation has beencompleted at 32, and/or any needed RW storage operation has beencompleted at 34, operations proceed to 22 in FIG. 2, where it isdetermined whether RW storage is considered to be too full. If so, thenthe information archive operation is triggered and performed asdescribed above.

Referencing FIG. 1 again, various embodiments use various ratios of OTPstorage capacity to RW storage capacity. These various ratios representvarious trade offs between cost, flexibility and the data processingneeds of the host 10.

Although exemplary embodiments of the invention have been describedabove in detail, this does not limit the scope of the invention, whichcan be practiced in a variety of embodiments.

1. An apparatus for archiving information from a rewritable memory to aone-time-programmable memory, the apparatus comprising: a rewritablememory; a one-time-programmable memory; and a controller operative to:(a) determine if available storage capacity in the rewritable memory isat a threshold amount; (b) if the available storage capacity in therewritable memory is at the threshold amount: (b1) retrieve informationstored in the rewritable memory; and (b2) write the information in theone-time-programmable memory; wherein the rewritable memory is a flashmemory device, and wherein the rewritable memory and theone-time-programmable memory are provided together as a unit that isconfigured for removable connection to a mobile host apparatus.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is further operative tomake available locations in the rewritable memory that store theinformation.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller isfurther operative to select the information to retrieve from therewritable memory.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the controlleris further operative to select the information to retrieve from therewritable memory based on a selection condition.
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 4, wherein the selection condition comprises likelihood to change.6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the selection condition compriseslikelihood to be deleted.
 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein theselection condition comprises access history of the information.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the access history comprises write accesshistory.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the access historycomprises read access history.
 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein theaccess history comprises a combination of write access history and readaccess history.
 11. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the selectioncondition comprises a least-frequently-accessed criterion.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 4, wherein the selection condition comprises aleast-recently-accessed criterion.
 13. The apparatus of claim 4, whereinthe selection condition comprises a combination of amost-frequently-accessed criterion and a least-recently-accessedcriterion.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller isfurther operative to repeat (a) and (b).
 15. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the controller is further operative to, before (a), determinethat the information should be stored in the rewritable memory insteadof the one-time-programmable memory.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the rewritable memory and the one-time-programmable memory arephysical partitions of a memory.
 17. An apparatus for archivinginformation from a rewritable memory to a one-time-programmable memory,the apparatus comprising: a rewritable memory; a one-time-programmablememory; and a controller operative to: (a) determine if the rewritablememory is too full; (b) if the rewritable memory is too full: (b1)select information to retrieve from the rewritable memory; (b2) retrievethe information from the rewritable memory; (b3) write the informationin the one-time-programmable memory; and (b4) make available locationsin the rewritable memory that store the information; wherein therewritable memory is a flash memory device, and wherein the rewritablememory and the one-time-programmable memory are provided together as aunit that is configured for removable connection to a mobile hostapparatus.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the information isselected based on one or more of the following: likelihood to change,likelihood to be deleted, access history, write access history, readaccess history, a combination of write access history and read accesshistory, a least-frequently-accessed criterion, aleast-recently-accessed criterion, and a combination of amost-frequently-accessed criterion and a least-recently-accessedcriterion.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the controller isfurther operative to repeat (a) and (b).
 20. The apparatus of claim 17,wherein the controller is further operative to, before (a), determinethat the information should be stored in the rewritable memory insteadof the one-time-programmable memory.
 21. The apparatus of claim 17,wherein the rewritable memory and the one-time-programmable memory arephysical partitions of a memory.